What is a major consequence of excessive groundwater extraction?

Excessive groundwater extraction leads to a reduction in surface water bodies, which is a significant consequence of over-pumping aquifers. When groundwater is excessively withdrawn from aquifers, it can lower the water table and disrupt the natural balance between groundwater and surface water. As the groundwater levels drop, streams, rivers, and lakes that depend on this groundwater feed may experience reduced water flow or even dry up completely. This reduction in surface water bodies can result in adverse environmental impacts, including habitat loss for aquatic and riparian species, diminished recreational opportunities, and potential conflicts over limited water resources.

In contrast, the other options do not reflect the consequences of excessive groundwater extraction. For instance, while improved local ecology, increased crop diversity, and more sustainable agricultural practices are all beneficial outcomes for land and water management, they are not typically associated with the adverse effects of over-extraction. Instead, these factors may actually rely on sustainable water practices and responsible management of groundwater resources.