What is a "pumping test" in hydrology?

A pumping test in hydrology is a method used to determine the properties of an aquifer, such as its transmissivity, storativity, and hydraulic conductivity. This test typically involves the controlled pumping of water from a well and observing the response of water levels in the nearby monitoring wells. By analyzing how quickly the water levels in those wells drop in response to the pumping, hydrologists can infer important characteristics of the aquifer.

This method is crucial for understanding how water moves within the aquifer system, how much water can be sustainably extracted, and the potential impacts of groundwater extraction on the surrounding environment. It provides valuable data that inform water resource management and planning, helping to ensure a reliable supply of groundwater for various uses.

Other options, while related to water and hydrology, do not accurately describe the purpose and methodology involved in a pumping test. For instance, a test for water quality focuses on assessing the chemical and biological parameters of the water, whereas measuring rainfall is concerned with precipitation calculations, and surface runoff techniques concentrate on how water flows over the land surface.